However, few studies have directly compared the relative utility of these and other proposed WAIS-IV DS validity indicators within a single sample. Reliable Digit Span (RDS), RDS-Revised (RDS-R), and age-corrected scaled score (ACSS) have been previously validated as embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Digit Span subtest (WAIS-IV DS). The most methodologically similar study in the literature (Webber & Soble, 2018) recommended optimal cut-scores that were consistently one point lower across indices (except for DS ACSS for the overall group), with similar patterns of performance across the overall, unimpaired, and impaired groups. Our results yielded similar classification statistics and cut-scores to those of prior work examining RDS-R (≤9 to ≤11) and DS ACSS (≤5 to ≤6 Spencer et al., 2013 Webber & Soble, 2018 Whitney et al., 2013 Young et al., 2012). Consistent with several previous studies (Kiewel, Wisdom, Bradshaw, Pastorek, & Strutt, 2012 Reese et al., 2012 Shura et al., 2020 Spencer et al., 2013 Webber & Soble, 2018 Whitney, Shepard, & Davis, 2013 Downloaded from by Florida Institute of Technology user on 17 October 2022 RDS-S = Reliable Digit Span Sequencing trial WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test wmRDS = working memory Reliable Digit Span * p < 0.05 * * p < 0.01 * * * p < 0.001 Young et al., 2012), this investigation found that DS ACSS and RDS-R demonstrated stronger psychometric properties when compared to traditional RDS, particularly among individuals with cognitive impairment. However, RDS has proven unreliable among individuals with more severe cognitive impairment (Martin, Schroeder, & Olsen, 2022 Zenisek, Millis, Banks, & Miller, 2016). Yet, due to its relatively low positive and negative predictive power, DS Sequencing Total is not recommended for use in isolation to identify negative response bias. Findings from this retrospective analysis showed that, regardless of whether the TOMM or the MSVT was used as the negative response bias criterion, of all the DS variables examined, DS Sequencing Total showed the best classification accuracy. Study participants included primarily middle-aged outpatients at a Veterans Affairs medical center. Then, for comparison purposes, negative response bias was examined using below-cutoff performance on the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT N = 95). Negative response bias was first defined and examined using below-cutoff performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) (N = 99). In the present investigation, the usefulness of the new sequencing task and other DS variables (i.e., DS Age-Scaled Score, DS Forward Total, DS Backward Total, and Reliable DS) was investigated with regard to the ability of these variables to predict negative response bias. The Digit Span (DS) task in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition differs substantially from earlier versions of the measure, with one of the major changes being the addition of a sequencing component.
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